Identifying the spatial pattern, driving factors and potential human health risks of nitrate and fluoride enriched groundwater of Ordos Basin, Northwest China

While the identification of spatial patterns fluoride (F−) and nitrate (NO3−) is important for groundwater management, these remain poorly understood in Ordos Basin. A total 107 samples collected from phreatic aquifers were divided into three clusters using self-organizing map (SOM). Cluster I, II III represented contaminated with different type degree pollution. On this basis, factor analysis (FA), together classical hydrochemical diagrams reflected major factors regulating characteristics F− NO3−. Firstly, water-rock interaction (carbonate precipitation, fluorite dissolution, cation exchange) evaporation responsible high NO3−, F−, hardness, salinity. Secondly, anthropogenic inputs (agricultural activities sewage) also contributed to NO3− F−. Finally, universal alkaline environment could regulate Additionally, 68.22%, 37.38%, 33.64% showed higher non-carcinogenic risk (HITotal > 1) children, adult females, males, respectively. Overall, worst contamination health risks evident western part The results study can contribute sustainable development protection public